ENG
Chlorine Market: Global Industry Analysis and Forecast (2024-2030) Emerging Opportunities
Chlorine Market size was valued at US $ 19.06 Billion in 2023 and the Chlorine Market revenue is expected to grow at 4.87% through 2024 to 2030, reaching nearly US $ 26.59 Billion. The report analyzes Chlorine Market dynamics by region and type.
Format : PDF | Report ID : SMR_346
Chlorine Market Overview:
Chlorine is a chemical element that is used in the production of a wide range of products in industries such as security and transportation, technology, health and safety, and nutrition. The most common chlorine compound is sodium chloride, sometimes known as common salt. Elemental chlorine can be used as a disinfectant and anti-putrefaction agent when dissolved in chemically basic water. In the report on chlorine market, the sement analysis is included on the basis of application type, end-use industry, process type and region.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has a chlorine content of 57%. PVC is a durable, moisture-resistant, and long-lasting substance. The rising need for PVC in the automotive, packaging, and construction industries is driving up chlorine market.
To get more Insights: Request Free Sample Report
Chlorine Market Dynamics:
Chlorine-protected water for drinking:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has approved the use of chlorine as the main disinfectant. In water, chlorine can be used to disinfect and destroy bacteria. Official standards consider chlorine levels in drinking water up to 4 milligrams per liter to be suitable for residential and industrial use. Many governments, non-profits, and corporations around the world are working on projects to clean, protect, and filter water natural resources to provide safe and sanitary water in a range of sectors, including residential, industrial, and recreational activities.
The use of chloramine and chlorine in water treatment plants has been permitted by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These programs were launched in response to water shortages in many rural areas, and they are meant to drive the chlorine market.
Chlorine use is growing in the pharmaceutical and personal care industries:
Chlorine is identified as a key industrial chemical in a range of end-user industries. Because chlorine is such an important component of pharmaceuticals, there has been a great demand for it in the pharmaceutical business. Asthma, high blood pressure, epilepsy, inflammation, and anemia are all treated with chlorine-based medicines. As the world's population of sick people grows, so does the demand for new drugs. The pharmaceutical industry's demand for chlorine is causing the chlorine market's potential to grow.
Chlorine's use in crop chemicals:
Crop protection chemicals, which help to drive agricultural yields and quantities, are made with chlorine. The need for chlorine compounds in the agriculture sector is favorably impacting the chlorine market. Because chemicals sprayed on crops offer key nourishment to plants, the demand for chlorine chemicals from the agriculture sector has an impact on the chlorine market's size.
Chlorine's toxic and harmful properties:
Chlorine is a hazardous and deadly substance that is used in a range of industries. The huge demand for chlorine needs large-scale production and delivery to the desired locations. Chlorine is a flammable and explosive substance. As a result, a high level of security is required. The vehicles used specially constructed pressurized tank containers, raising logistics expenses.
Also, improved protection involves the installation of a jacket or shield to cover the loading equipment, as well as an improved valve system to reduce the risk of product loss. Even though this influences overall business expenses, the company remains profitable thanks to increased sales and optimal chlorine costs.
Chlorine chemistry in defense and law enforcement:
Chlorine chemistry is used to make protective equipment for the military and law enforcement. Night-vision goggles, rocket propellants, cockpit canopies, carbon-reinforced polymers, bullet-resistant glass, and airbags are all made using the same technology. It is vital to safeguard army officers' safety. As a result, higher demand for products benefits the chlorine market.
Chlorine Market Segmentation:
Based on Application Type: In terms of revenue, the Ethylene Dichloride (EDC) segment was dominating in 2023, accounting for 35.67% of the global chlorine market. This segment is expected to be driven by increased PVC demand in the construction industry throughout the forecast period, and it is also expected to grow at a rate of 4.80%.
Chlorine Market Regional Insights:
In terms of revenue, the Asia Pacific region was dominating in 2023, accounting for more than 76.23% of the global chlorine market. Because rising construction spending in China, India, Indonesia, and Thailand is likely to drive the market, it is expected to be the largest and fastest-growing regional market throughout the forecast period. The region is expected to increase at the fastest rate of 4.72% over the forecast period thanks to the ongoing need for chlorine in construction and the chemical sector. During the forecast period, this is expected to have a positive impact on market growth.
North America is expected to grow, owing to the industry's recovery in the post-pandemic period in the United States. Over the forecast period, the region is expected to increase at a CAGR of 4.20%.
The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the Chlorine Market to the stakeholders in the industry. The report provides trends that are most dominant in the Chlorine Market and how these trends will influence new business investments and market development throughout the forecast period. The report also aids in the comprehension of the market dynamics and competitive structure of the market by analyzing market leaders, market followers, and regional players.
The qualitative and quantitative data provided in the Chlorine Market report is to help understand which market segments, regions are expected to grow at higher rates, factors affecting the market, and key opportunity areas, which will drive the industry and market growth through the forecast period. The report also includes the competitive landscape of key players in the industry along with their recent developments in the Chlorine Market. The report studies factors such as company size, market share, market growth, revenue, production volume, and profits of the key players in the market.
The report provides Porter's Five Force Model, which helps in designing the business strategies in the market. The report helps in identifying how many rivals are existing, who they are, and how their product quality is in the Market. The report also analyses if the Chlorine Market is easy for a new player to gain a foothold in the market, do they enter or exit the market regularly if the market is dominated by a few players, etc.
The report also includes a PESTEL Analysis, which aids in the development of company strategies. Political variables help in figuring out how much a government can influence the Market. Economic variables aid in the analysis of economic performance drivers that have an impact on the Market. Understanding the impact of the surrounding environment and the influence of environmental concerns on the Chlorine Market is aided by legal factors.
Chlorine Market Scope:
|
Chlorine Market |
|
|
Market Size in 2023 |
USD 19.06 Bn. |
|
Market Size in 2030 |
USD 26.59 Bn. |
|
CAGR (2024-2030) |
4.87% |
|
Historic Data |
2018-2022 |
|
Base Year |
2023 |
|
Forecast Period |
2024-2030 |
|
Segment Scope |
by Application Type
|
|
by End-use Industry
|
|
|
by Process Type
|
|
|
Regional Scope |
North America- United States, Canada, and Mexico Europe – UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Austria, and Rest of Europe Asia Pacific – China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, ASEAN, Rest of APAC Middle East and Africa - South Africa, GCC, Egypt, Nigeria, Rest of the Middle East and Africa South America – Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America |
Chlorine Market Key Players
- Ercros S.A (Spain)
- BASF SE (Germany)
- Olin Corporation (United States)
- PPG Industries (United States)
- FMC Corporation (United States)
- Hanwha Chemical Corporation (South Korea)
- Tata Chemicals Ltd. (India)
- Tosoh Corporation (Japan)
- Occidental Petroleum Corporation (United States)
- Westlake Chemical Corporation (United States)
- Israel Chemicals (Israel)
- Norfolk Southern Corporation (United States)
- Xinjiang Zhongtai Chemicals Co. Ltd. (China)
- Others
Frequently Asked Questions
The toxic and hazardous nature of Chlorine is the only key factor expected to hinder the growth of the market during the forecast period.
The Chlorine market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.87% during the forecast period (2024-2030).
The growing use of Chlorine as a water disinfection agent and in the pharmaceutical as well as cosmetic industry across the globe are the key factors expected to drive the growth of the market during the forecast period.
Ercros S.A (Spain), BASF SE (Germany), Olin Corporation (United States), PPG Industries (United States), FMC Corporation (United States), Hanwha Chemical Corporation (South Korea), Tata Chemicals Ltd. (India), Tosoh Corporation (Japan), Occidental Petroleum Corporation (United States), Westlake Chemical Corporation (United States), Israel Chemicals (Israel), Norfolk Southern Corporation (United States), Xinjiang Zhongtai Chemicals Co. Ltd. (China), and Others are key players covered.
Chapter 1 Scope of the Report
Chapter 2 Research Methodology
2.1. Research Type
2.2. Global Chlorine Market: Target Audience
2.3. Global Chlorine Market: Primary Research (As per Client Requirement)
2.4. Global Chlorine Market: Secondary Research
Chapter 3 Executive Summary
Chapter 4 Competitive Landscape
4.1. Market Share Analysis, By Value, 2023-2030
4.1.1. Market Share Analysis, By Region, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.1.1. North America Market Share Analysis, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.1.2. Europe Market Share Analysis, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.1.3. Asia Pacific Market Share Analysis, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.1.4. South America Market Share Analysis, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.1.5. Middle East and Africa Market Share Analysis, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2. Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.1. North America Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.1.1. USA Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.1.2. Canada Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.1.3. Mexico Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2. Europe Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2.1. UK Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2.2. France Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2.3. Germany Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2.4. Italy Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2.5. Spain Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2.6. Sweden Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2.7. Austria Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.2.8. Rest of Europe Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.3. Asia Pacific Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.3.1. China Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.3.2. India Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.3.3. Japan Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.3.4. South Korea Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.3.5. Australia Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.3.6. ASEAN Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.3.7. Rest of APAC Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.4. South America Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.4.1. Brazil Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.4.2. Argentina Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.4.3. Rest of South America Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.5. Middle East and Africa Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.5.1. South Africa Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.5.2. GCC Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.5.3. Egypt Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.5.4. Nigeria Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.2.5.5. Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Share Analysis, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.3. Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4. North America Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.1.1. USA Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.1.2. Canada Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.1.3. Mexico Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2. Europe Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2.1. UK Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2.2. France Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2.3. Germany Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2.4. Italy Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2.5. Spain Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2.6. Sweden Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2.7. Austria Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.2.8. Rest of Europe Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.3.1. China Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.3.2. India Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.3.3. Japan Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.3.4. South Korea Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.3.5. Australia Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.3.6. ASEAN Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.3.7. Rest of APAC Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.4. South America Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.4.1. Brazil Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.4.2. Argentina Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.4.3. Rest of South America Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.5. Middle East and Africa Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.5.1. South Africa Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.5.2. GCC Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.5.3. Egypt Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.5.4. Nigeria Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.4.5.5. Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Share Analysis, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.5. Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6. North America Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.1.1. USA Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.1.2. Canada Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.1.3. Mexico Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2. Europe Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2.1. UK Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2.2. France Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2.3. Germany Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2.4. Italy Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2.5. Spain Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2.6. Sweden Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2.7. Austria Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.2.8. Rest of Europe Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.3. Asia Pacific Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.3.1. China Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.3.2. India Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.3.3. Japan Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.3.4. South Korea Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.3.5. Australia Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.3.6. ASEAN Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.3.7. Rest of APAC Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.4. South America Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.4.1. Brazil Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.4.2. Argentina Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.4.3. Rest of South America Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.5.1. South Africa Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.5.2. GCC Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.5.3. Egypt Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.5.4. Nigeria Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.1.6.5.5. Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Share Analysis, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (In %)
4.2. Stellar Competition matrix
4.2.1. Global Stellar Competition Matrix
4.2.2. North America Stellar Competition Matrix
4.2.3. Europe Stellar Competition Matrix
4.2.4. Asia Pacific Stellar Competition Matrix
4.2.5. South America Stellar Competition Matrix
4.2.6. Middle East and Africa Stellar Competition Matrix
4.3. Key Players Benchmarking
4.3.1.Key Players Benchmarking by Application Type, Pricing, Market Share, Investments, Expansion Plans, Physical Presence and Presence in the Market.
4.4. Mergers and Acquisitions in Industry
4.4.1. M&A by Region, Value and Strategic Intent
4.5. Market Dynamics
4.5.1. Market Drivers
4.5.2. Market Restraints
4.5.3. Market Opportunities
4.5.4. Market Challenges
4.5.5. PESTLE Analysis
4.5.6. PORTERS Five Force Analysis
4.5.7. Value Chain Analysis
Chapter 5 Global Chlorine Market Segmentation: By Application Type
5.1. Global Chlorine Market, By Application Type, Overview/Analysis, 2023-2030
5.2. Global Chlorine Market, By Application Type, By Value, Market Share (%), 2023-2030 (USD Million)
5.3. Global Chlorine Market, By Application Type, By Value, -
5.3.1. Ethylene Dichloride (EDC)
5.3.2. Organic Chemicals
5.3.3. Inorganic Chemicals
5.3.4. Chlorinated Intermediates
5.3.5. Chlorine Aromatics
5.3.6. Others
Chapter 6 Global Chlorine Market Segmentation: By End-Use Industry
6.1. Global Chlorine Market, By End-Use Industry, Overview/Analysis, 2023-2030
6.2. Global Chlorine Market Size, By End-Use Industry, By Value, Market Share (%), 2023-2030 (USD Million)
6.3. Global Chlorine Market, By End-Use Industry, By Value, -
6.3.1. Water Treatment Plant
6.3.2. Pharmaceutical
6.3.3. Chemical
6.3.4. Plastic
6.3.5. Others
Chapter 7 Global Chlorine Market Segmentation: By Process Type
7.1. Global Chlorine Market, By Process Type, Overview/Analysis, 2023-2030
7.2. Global Chlorine Market Size, By Process Type, By Value, Market Share (%), 2023-2030 (USD Million)
7.3. Global Chlorine Market, By Process Type, By Value, -
7.3.1. Mercury cell process
7.3.2. Membrane cell process
7.3.3. Diaphragm process
Chapter 8 Global Chlorine Market Segmentation: By Region
8.1. Global Chlorine Market, By Region – North America
8.1.1. North America Chlorine Market Size, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Million)
8.1.2. North America Chlorine Market Size, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Million)
8.1.3. North America Chlorine Market Size, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Million)
8.1.4. By Country – U.S.
8.1.4.1. U.S. Chlorine Market Size, By Application Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Million)
8.1.4.2. U.S. Chlorine Market Size, By End-Use Industry, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Million)
8.1.4.3. U.S. Chlorine Market Size, By Process Type, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Million)
8.1.4.4. Canada Chlorine Market Size, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Billion)
8.1.4.5. Mexico Chlorine Market Size, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Billion)
8.2. Europe Chlorine Market Size, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Billion)
8.2.1. UK
8.2.2. France
8.2.3. Germany
8.2.4. Italy
8.2.5. Spain
8.2.6. Sweden
8.2.7. Austria
8.2.8. Rest of Europe
8.3. Asia Pacific Chlorine Market Size, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Billion)
8.3.1. China
8.3.2. India
8.3.3. Japan
8.3.4. South Korea
8.3.5. Australia
8.3.6. ASEAN
8.3.7. Rest of APAC
8.4. Middle East and Africa Chlorine Market Size, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Billion)
8.4.1. South Africa
8.4.2. GCC
8.4.3. Egypt
8.4.4. Nigeria
8.4.5. Rest of Middle East and Africa
8.5. South America Chlorine Market Size, By Value, 2023-2030 (USD Billion)
8.5.1. Brazil
8.5.2. Argentina
8.5.3. Rest of South America
Chapter 9 Company Profiles
9.1. Key Players
9.1.1. Ercros S.A (Spain)
9.1.1.1. Company Overview
9.1.1.2. Application Type Portfolio
9.1.1.3. Financial Overview
9.1.1.4. Business Strategy
9.1.1.5. Key Developments
9.1.2. BASF SE (Germany)
9.1.3. Olin Corporation (United States)
9.1.4. PPG Industries (United States)
9.1.5. FMC Corporation (United States)
9.1.6. Hanwha Chemical Corporation (South Korea)
9.1.7. Tata Chemicals Ltd. (India)
9.1.8. Tosoh Corporation (Japan)
9.1.9. Occidental Petroleum Corporation (United States)
9.1.10. Westlake Chemical Corporation (United States)
9.1.11. Israel Chemicals (Israel)
9.1.12. Norfolk Southern Corporation (United States)
9.1.13. Xinjiang Zhongtai Chemicals Co. Ltd. (China)
9.1.14. Others
9.2. Key Findings
9.3. Recommendations
