Thermal Imaging Market - Global Industry Analysis and Forecast (2024-2030) By Type, Technology, product, wavelength, Application, vertical and Region

  • Global Thermal Imaging Market size was valued at USD 3.67 Bn in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 5.93 Bn by 2030, at a CAGR of 6.54%.

  • Format : PDF | Report ID : SMR_2367

Thermal Imaging Market Overview   

 

Thermal imaging is a technology that detects infrared radiation emitted by objects and converts it to visible images based on temperature differences. It is used in a variety of applications, including surveillance, industrial inspections, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. The thermal imaging market includes the production and sale of thermal cameras, scopes, and modules, which are used in sectors such as defense, aerospace, automotive, and healthcare to improve visibility and analysis in a variety of conditions.

 

The global thermal imaging market is developing rapidly, fuelled by rising demand in sectors such as defense, security, industrial inspections, automotive, and healthcare. Thermal imaging technology improves situational awareness, saves money on surveillance, and detects anomalies more efficiently, all of which are critical for maintaining safety and operational efficiency.

 

North America dominates the thermal imaging market. FLIR Systems, L3HARRIS TECHNOLOGIES, and Lockheed Martin Corporation dominate North America's thermal imaging market, catering to strong demand from the defense and industrial sectors. Europe, led by companies such as Leonardo S.p.A., BAE Systems Plc, and Thales Group, benefits from significant investment in defense and industrial applications.

 

Demand for thermal imaging is high given its applications in defense and security for surveillance and threat detection, the industrial sector for predictive maintenance and quality control, automotive for advanced driver assistance systems, and healthcare for medical imaging and patient monitoring. The thermal imaging market is expected to grow further as companies expand production capacities and advance technology, effectively meeting diverse global needs across various sectors.

 

For instance,

 

  • In 2024, Teledyne’s FLIR Defense subsidiary says it has won a USD 15 million contract to deliver more than 150 of its “ThermoSight HISS-XLR” weapon sights to an unspecified NATO partner country.

 

  • In 2023, Chinese producers accounted for 50% of global shipments of thermal imaging cameras, marking a significant milestone for the region.

 

Top 5 Exporters of Thermal Imaging Market: United States, China, Thailand, Germany, India

 

Top 5 Importers of Thermal Imaging Market: India, Vietnam, United States, Philippines, Peru

 

thermal-imaging-market

 

To get more Insights: Request Free Sample Report

 

The Future of Thermal Imaging: The Increasing Demand of Multispectral Imaging in the Thermal Imaging Market

 

Multispectral imaging represents a significant advancement over conventional thermal imaging, with the potential to revolutionize the thermal imaging market by combining infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet bands. This convergence allows multispectral cameras to provide unparalleled insights into a variety of fields, including environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, medical diagnostics, and materials science. By capturing a broader range of electromagnetic wavelengths, these advanced systems improve anomaly detection capabilities, crop health assessments, early disease diagnosis, and material analysis processes. Such capabilities not only meet existing thermal imaging market demands but also broaden its applications to new domains that require detailed spectral information. As industries prioritize precision and comprehensive data, the adoption of multispectral imaging is expected to drive significant growth and innovation in the thermal imaging market, meeting a wide range of needs with greater analytical depth and accuracy.

 

For instance, Collaborations and partnerships have played a key role in driving innovation in multispectral imaging.

 

  • In 2023, a research team from the University of Missouri and the University of Notre Dame received a $4.8 million grant from the U.S. Army Research Office to develop a new generation of multispectral infrared imagers using artificial intelligence

 

  • In 2021, BAE systems unveiled a new line of uncooled micro bolometer sensors with smaller pixel sizes, enabling higher resolution thermal cameras for applications such as surveillance and automotive safety.

 

  • In 2021, Teledyne Technologies, a digital imaging and electronic sensor manufacturer, acquired FLIR Systems, a thermal imaging and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) maker, in an USD 8.0 billion deal. 

 

 Thermal Imaging Market Dynamics

 

Vision beyond the Visible: Exploring the Rapid Expansion of the Thermal Imaging Market

 

The global thermal imaging market is expanding rapidly, driven by a wide range of factors. Thermal imaging, which was originally used by military forces to improve visibility in low-visibility environments, is now being adopted in a variety of industries due to lower product costs and rising surveillance demands around the world. Countries such as the United States have significantly expanded their surveillance networks, deploying an estimated 70 million cameras by 2022. Additionally, rising military spending in emerging markets and increased investment in the aerospace and defense sectors are driving thermal imaging market growth. The integration of thermal imaging in self-driving vehicles, building surveys in Europe, and crime prevention efforts in South America all contribute to market growth. Also, rising demand from the Middle Eastern oil and gas industry, as well as ongoing R&D investments, are driving innovation and adoption, particularly in automotive applications, pointing to an upward trend for the thermal imaging market.

 

For instance,

  • In 2022, Global Sensor Technology (GST) introduced a 400×300/17μm VOx Micro bolometer Uncooled FPA IR Detector, showcasing the industry's progress towards smaller and more advanced thermal imaging sensors.

 

  • In 2021, FLIR Systems partnered with Veoneer to integrate thermal imaging technology into advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for enhanced vehicle safety.

 

  • In 2022, Bosch collaborated with FLIR Systems to incorporate thermal imaging into their building security solutions.

 

Market Barriers/ Challenges to Enter Thermal Imaging Market

 

High Initial Investment: Developing and manufacturing thermal imaging devices involves significant upfront costs, including research and development expenses, as well as the cost of specialized components and materials.

 

Technological Complexity: Thermal imaging technology requires advanced expertise in optics, sensors, image processing, and software development. Companies entering the market need robust technical capabilities to innovate and compete effectively.

 

  • For instance, Companies like Teledyne FLIR in the United States have specialized teams dedicated to optics, sensor technology, and image processing, reflecting the advanced expertise required to innovate in thermal imaging.

 

Regulatory Compliance: Thermal imaging products are subject to stringent regulations and standards, particularly in sectors such as defense and healthcare. Achieving regulatory approval can be time-consuming and expensive.

 

  • For instance, In the European Union, thermal imaging devices used in medical applications must comply with the Medical Devices Regulation (MDR) or In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR), which impose strict requirements on safety, performance, and clinical evaluations.

 

Market Fragmentation: The market for thermal imaging applications is diverse, spanning sectors such as defense, aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and industrial. Tailoring products to specific industry needs requires a deep understanding of customer requirements and preferences.

 

  • For instance, the automotive sector requires thermal imaging for applications such as advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Companies entering this segment must tailor their products to meet specific automotive industry standards and requirements.

 

Global Economic Factors: Economic fluctuations and geopolitical tensions disrupt supply chains for thermal imaging market components, affecting manufacturers' ability to meet demand and impacting market entry strategies in regions like Asia-Pacific and Europe.

 

Customer Education: Educating potential customers about the benefits and applications of thermal imaging technology is crucial. Many industries may require extensive demonstrations and trials before adopting new thermal imaging solutions.

 

Thermal Imaging Market Segment Analysis

 

Product segment to account for the largest thermal imaging market share during the forecast period (2024-2030)

 

Based on product type, the thermal imaging market is divided into three main segments thermal cameras, thermal scope, and thermal modules. Thermal cameras held largest market share 2023, and this trend is expected to continue due to their high precision and versatility across handheld, mounted, and standalone types. They are widely used in commercial and residential settings, owing to their effectiveness in surveillance systems. Thermal scopes are expected to grow rapidly, especially in military and defense applications, due to their day-and-night operational capability and resistance to environmental conditions such as fog and smoke. Thermal modules also make a significant contribution to the thermal imaging market, as they are valued for their small size, light weight, and energy efficiency. Overall, the thermal imaging market is expanding with increased applications in consumer electronics, automotive, and security sectors, promising significant growth opportunities in the thermal imaging market during the forecast period.

 

For instance,

  • In 2024, FLIR Systems launched the FLIR One Edge Pro, a wireless thermal imaging camera for smartphones.

 

  • In 2021, FLIR Systems launched the FLIR T840 thermal camera, targeting industrial and commercial applications with enhanced resolution and image clarity.

 

  • In 2021, Teledyne FLIR announced collaborations with DJI to integrate thermal imaging into DJI's drones, expanding aerial surveillance capabilities.

 

thermal-imaging-market-1

 

Based on Verticals, The widespread adoption of thermal imaging in aerospace and defense resulted in holding the largest market share in the thermal imaging market in 2023 and will continue during the forecast period. Its cost-effectiveness compared to traditional lighting systems makes it an attractive option for defense budgets, allowing for continuous surveillance without the need for additional infrastructure. This affordability extends the reach of thermal imaging technology across various defense applications, including border monitoring, critical infrastructure protection, and military operations.

 

Moreover, the adaptability of thermal imaging systems to operate in diverse environmental conditions enhances their utility and effectiveness. Whether day or night, through fog or smoke, thermal devices provide clear situational awareness, crucial for detecting intrusions and potential threats early. This proactive capability not only improves operational efficiency but also minimizes risks and enhances overall security protocols in thermal imaging market.

 

Continuous advancements in thermal imaging technology, such as improved resolution, sensitivity, and integration capabilities, further propel thermal imaging market growth. These enhancements translate into more precise threat detection and surveillance capabilities, expanding the scope of applications in thermal imaging market defense sectors like surveillance aircraft, armoured vehicles, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

 

As global demand for robust security solutions continues to increase, driven by geopolitical tensions and security threats, demand for thermal imaging remains at the forefront.

 

Law enforcement emerges as the second-largest vertical of the thermal imaging market, with the highest expected CAGR. Thermal imaging devices are critical in law enforcement operations because they allow for more efficient management, crime scene investigation, and suspect detection. These devices are also essential for maritime operations, improving coastal security, harbour navigation, and search and rescue efforts. The growing use of thermal imaging in healthcare, automotive, oil and gas, residential, manufacturing, and other industries fuels thermal imaging market growth.

 

For instance,

  • In 2023, Thermal imaging technology was integrated into body-worn cameras and handheld devices used by law enforcement, enhancing their capabilities for night-time operations, search and rescue, and maritime security.

 

  • In 2022, American Robotics partnered with Infrared Cameras Inc. to integrate optical gas imaging (OGI) and thermal sensors into their autonomous Scout System drones. This technology is designed to automate the inspection of oil and gas assets, detect methane leaks, and identify equipment and electrical hotspots.

 

thermal-imaging-market-2

 

Thermal Imaging Market Regional Insights  

 

The North American thermal imaging market dominated the market and accounted for the largest revenue share in 2023. It is expected to continue this growth during the forecast period due to its robust manufacturing base and substantial investments in thermal imaging in the defense and aerospace sectors. Extensive military spending and widespread adoption in industrial applications such as infrastructure maintenance and automotive safety, particularly in the US thermal imaging market, support the region's largest market share.

 

The Asia-Pacific thermal imaging market emerges as a key growth region during the forecast period, driven by rapid urbanization, increasing security concerns, and rising investments in industries like oil and gas. The China thermal imaging market leads the market in Asia-Pacific, buoyed by significant military expenditures and expanding applications in manufacturing and defense. The Japanese thermal imaging market also contributes significantly, particularly in automotive safety applications.

 

The thermal imaging market in Europe shows a steady demand for thermal imaging systems, particularly in security and surveillance applications, while the Middle East, Africa, and South America regions are poised for gradual growth, fuelled by increasing defense budgets and government investments in advanced technologies.

 

For instance,

  • In 2023, Lockheed Martin secured a contract worth $ 500 million for thermal imaging systems for military applications.

 

  • In 2024, China announced a $ 2 billion investment in upgrading military thermal imaging capabilities, focusing on advanced surveillance and reconnaissance systems.

 

  • In 2024, Raytheon Technologies launched a new line of thermal cameras for aerospace and defense applications, targeting enhanced situational awareness.

 

Thermal Imaging Market Competitive Landscape

 

The thermal imaging market is characterized by fierce competition fueled by technological advancements, sector-specific applications, and strategic alliances. Companies that can effectively integrate advanced thermal imaging solutions into larger systems while also demonstrating superior operational efficiency are well-positioned to maintain leadership in this rapidly changing thermal imaging market.

 

FLIR Systems (Teledyne FLIR):

  • Strategy: FLIR Systems focuses on innovation and product diversification, expanding into new verticals such as automotive and consumer electronics.

 

  • Consumer Preference: Known for reliability and high-performance thermal imaging solutions across defense, industrial, and commercial sectors.

 

  • 2023 Revenue: Approximately $2.5 billion.

 

  • Financial Matrix:
    • Gross Margin: 55%
    • Net Profit Margin: 12%
    • Return on Assets (ROA): 8%

 

  • Market Position: Leading market share in North America and strong presence globally, leveraging extensive R&D investments and strategic acquisitions.

 

Leonardo S.p.A:

  • Strategy: Leonardo focuses on offering comprehensive defense and security solutions, integrating thermal imaging into their aerospace and defense systems.

 

  • Consumer Preference: Trusted supplier of thermal imaging systems for military and law enforcement applications across Europe and globally.

 

  • 2023 Revenue: Approximately €15.3 billion.

 

  • Financial Matrix:
    • Gross Margin: 8.4%
    • Net Profit Margin: 4.5%
    • Return on Assets (ROA): 3.8%

 

  • Market Position: Key player in the European market with a strong emphasis on technological advancements and strategic acquisitions.

 

Thermal Imaging Market Scope

Thermal Imaging Market Scope

Market Size in 2023

USD 3.67 Bn.

Market Size in 2030

USD 5.93 Bn.

CAGR (2024-2030)

6.54%

Historic Data

2018-2022

Base Year

2023

Forecast Period

2024-2030

Segment Analysis

By Type

Handheld

Fixed/Mounted

By Technology

Cooled

Uncooled

By Product

Thermal Camera

Thermal Scopes

Thermal Module

By Wavelength

Shortwave Infrared (SWIR)

Mid-wave Infrared (MWIR)

Longwave Infrared (LWIR)

By Application

Border Surveillance

Vehicle Targeting

C-UAS

Maritime & Coastal Surveillance

Critical Infrastructure

Others

By Vertical

Aerospace and Defense

Law Enforcement

Healthcare

Automotive

Oil and Gas

Residential

Manufacturing

Others

Regional Scope

North America – United States, Canada, and Mexico

Europe – UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Russia, Austria, and Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific – China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, ASEAN, Rest of APAC

Middle East and Africa – South Africa, GCC, Egypt, Nigeria, Rest of the Middle East and Africa

South America – Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America

 

Thermal Imaging Key players

North America

  1. Teledyne FLIR Systems (US),
  2. Fluke Corporation (US),
  3. BAE Systems, Inc. (Virginia, United States)
  4. Lockheed Martin Corporation (Maryland, United States)
  5. Raytheon Technologies Corporation (Massachusetts, United States)
  6. L3HARRIS TECHNOLOGIES (US),
  7. United Technologies (US)
  8. FLIR Systems, Inc. (Oregon, United States)
  9. Seek Thermal, Inc. (California, United States)
  10. Excelitas Technologies Corp. (Massachusetts, United States)
  11. American Technologies Network Corporation (California, United States)

Europe

  1. Leonardo S.p.A. (Rome, Italy)
  2. BAE Systems Plc (Farnborough, United Kingdom)
  3. Thales Group (La Défense, France)
  4. Thermoteknix Systems Ltd. (Cambridge, United Kingdom)

Asia Pacific

  1. Ulirvision Technology Co. Ltd. (China)
  2. HikVision Digital Technology Co. (China)

Middle East and Africa (MEA)

  1. Opgal Optronic Industries (Israel)
  2. Elbit Systems Ltd. (Haifa, Israel)


CHOOSE LICENSE TYPE


Single User - $4600

Corporate User - $6900

Frequently Asked Questions

Ans. The Global Thermal Imaging Market is growing at a significant rate of 6.54% during the forecast period.

  1. Thermal Imaging Market: Research Methodology
  2. Thermal Imaging Market Introduction
    1. Study Assumption and Market Definition
    2. Scope of the Study
    3. Executive Summary
  3. Global Thermal Imaging Market: Competitive Landscape
    1. SMR Competition Matrix
    2. Competitive Landscape
    3. Key Players Benchmarking
      1. Company Name
      2. Product Segment
      3. End-user Segment
      4. Revenue (2023)
      5. Company Headquarter
    4. Market Structure
      1. Market Leaders
      2. Market Followers
      3. Emerging Players
    5. Mergers and Acquisitions Details
  4. Thermal Imaging Market: Dynamics
    1. Thermal Imaging Market Trends
    2. Thermal Imaging Market Dynamics
        1. Drivers
        2. Restraints
        3. Opportunities
        4. Challenges
    3. PORTER’s Five Forces Analysis
    4. PESTLE Analysis
    5. Regulatory Landscape by Region
      1. North America
      2. Europe
      3. Asia Pacific
      4. Middle East and Africa
      5. South America
  5. Thermal Imaging Market: Global Market Size and Forecast (Value in USD Million) (2023-2030)
    1. Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Type (2023-2030)
      1. Handheld
      2. Fixed/Mounted
    2. Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Technology (2023-2030)
      1. Cooled
      2. Uncooled
    3. Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Product (2023-2030)
      1. Thermal Camera
      2. Thermal Scopes
      3. Thermal Module
    4. Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Wavelength (2023-2030)
      1. Shortwave Infrared (SWIR)
      2. Mid-wave Infrared (MWIR)
      3. Longwave Infrared (LWIR)
    5. Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Application (2023-2030)
      1. Border Surveillance
      2. Vehicle Targeting
      3. C-UAS
      4. Maritime & Coastal Surveillance
      5. Critical Infrastructure
      6. Others
    6. Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Vertical (2023-2030)
      1. Aerospace and Defense
      2. Law Enforcement
      3. Healthcare
      4. Automotive
      5. Oil and Gas
      6. Residential
      7. Manufacturing
      8. Others
    7. Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, by Region (2023-2030)
      1. North America
      2. Europe
      3. Asia Pacific
      4. Middle East and Africa
      5. South America
  6. North America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (Value in USD Million) (2023-2030)
    1. North America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Type (2023-2030)
      1. Handheld
      2. Fixed/Mounted   
    2. North America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Technology (2023-2030)
      1. Cooled
      2. Uncooled
    3. North America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Product (2023-2030)
      1. Thermal Camera
      2. Thermal Scopes
      3. Thermal Module
    4. North America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Wavelength (2023-2030)
      1. Shortwave Infrared (SWIR)
      2. Mid-wave Infrared (MWIR)
      3. Longwave Infrared (LWIR)
    5. North America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Application (2023-2030)
      1. Border Surveillance
      2. Vehicle Targeting
      3. C-UAS
      4. Maritime & Coastal Surveillance
      5. Critical Infrastructure
      6. Others
    6. North America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Vertical (2023-2030)
      1. Aerospace and Defense
      2. Law Enforcement
      3. Healthcare
      4. Automotive
      5. Oil and Gas
      6. Residential
      7. Manufacturing
      8. Others
    7. North America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030)
      1. United States
      2. Canada
      3. Mexico
  7. Europe Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (Value in USD Million) (2023-2030)
    1. Europe Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Type (2023-2030)
    2. Europe Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Technology (2023-2030)
    3. Europe Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Product (2023-2030)
    4. Europe Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Wavelength (2023-2030)
    5. Europe Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Application (2023-2030)
    6. Europe Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Vertical (2023-2030)
    7. Europe Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030)
      1. United Kingdom
      2. France
      3. Germany
      4. Italy
      5. Spain
      6. Sweden
      7. Russia
      8. Rest of Europe
  8. Asia Pacific Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (Value in USD Million) (2023-2030)
    1. Asia Pacific Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Type (2023-2030)
    2. Asia Pacific Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Technology (2023-2030)
    3. Asia Pacific Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Product (2023-2030)
    4. Asia Pacific Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Wavelength (2023-2030)
    5. Asia Pacific Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Application (2023-2030)
    6. Asia Pacific Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Vertical (2023-2030)
    7. Asia Pacific Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030)
      1. China
      2. S Korea
      3. Japan
      4. India
      5. Australia
      6. ASEAN
      7. Rest of Asia Pacific
  9. Middle East and Africa Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (Value in USD Million) (2023-2030)
    1. Middle East and Africa Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Type (2023-2030)
    2. Middle East and Africa Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Technology (2023-2030)
    3. Middle East and Africa Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Product (2023-2030)
    4. Middle East and Africa Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Wavelength (2023-2030)
    5. Middle East and Africa Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Application (2023-2030)
    6. Middle East and Africa Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Vertical (2023-2030)
    7. Middle East and Africa Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030)
      1. South Africa
      2. GCC
      3. Nigeria
      4. Rest of ME&A
  10. South America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast by Segmentation (Value in USD Million) (2023-2030)
    1. South America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Type (2023-2030)
    2. South America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Technology (2023-2030)
    3. South America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Product (2023-2030)
    4. South America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Wavelength (2023-2030)
    5. South America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Application (2023-2030)
    6. South America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, By Vertical            (2023-2030)
    7. South America Thermal Imaging Market Size and Forecast, by Country (2023-2030)
      1. Brazil
      2. Argentina
      3. Rest Of South America
  11. Company Profile: Key Players
    1. Teledyne FLIR Systems (US),
      1. Company Overview
      2. Business Portfolio
      3. Financial Overview
      4. SWOT Analysis
      5. Strategic Analysis
      6. Recent Developments
    2. Fluke Corporation (US),
    3. BAE Systems, Inc. (Virginia, United States)
    4. Lockheed Martin Corporation (Maryland, United States)
    5. Raytheon Technologies Corporation (Massachusetts, United States)
    6. L3HARRIS TECHNOLOGIES (US),
    7. United Technologies (US)
    8. FLIR Systems, Inc. (Oregon, United States)
    9. Seek Thermal, Inc. (California, United States)
    10. Excelitas Technologies Corp. (Massachusetts, United States)
    11. American Technologies Network Corporation (California, United States)
    12. Leonardo S.p.A. (Rome, Italy)
    13. BAE Systems Plc (Farnborough, United Kingdom)
    14. Thales Group (France)
    15. Thermoteknix Systems Ltd. (Cambridge, United Kingdom)
    16. Ulirvision Technology Co. Ltd. (China)
    17. HikVision Digital Technology Co. (China)
    18. Opgal Optronic Industries (Israel)
    19. Elbit Systems Ltd. (Haifa, Israel)
  12. Key Findings
  13. Industry Recommendations

Enquiry Before Buy


Request Sample PDF